A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

It is with mixed emotions that we report on March 1 the TPE Board of Directors decided to begin a nationwide search for a new Executive Director to replace Chris Kirkpatrick. Chris has graciously agreed to work with us on the transition process until March 31. The Executive Committee of the Board (Jerry Newman, Alice Mirk, Jim Rogala, and me) is selecting a search consultant and will oversee the process (with the help of a few other members) as a Transition Task Force until a new Executive Director begins work. The Executive Committee has asked me to assume the additional role of Acting Executive Director to manage the staff and operations of TPE during the transition, and I have accepted that task.

This was not an easy decision, nor was it taken lightly. Chris has served TPE as Executive Director for nearly 8 years, and during that time has overseen a major transformation of the organization. Our professional staff, while still quite small, has grown significantly. We have put in place a very strong financial management infrastructure. Our outreach and communications efforts have also grown significantly, resulting in a significant increase in both contacts and new members, as well as a much stronger public profile. Chris also directly led the process of achieving accreditation by the Land Trust Alliance, which has greatly improved our land protection processes. The land we protect by ownership or easement has grown from 2,500 to 4,000 acres. We give Chris thanks for all his many efforts during his tenure and wish him well in his future endeavors.

The primary driver for making this leadership change is a set of exciting new opportunities and challenges that are emerging for TPE. As many of you are aware, we have received a major three-year grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) to develop a new program of direct outreach and services to private working and recreational landowners for pollinator habitat restoration and improvement. We are hiring a new, full-time Landowner Services Coordinator to provide ecological assessments to landowners, to help develop management plans, and to assist landowners obtaining the funding, professional resources and appropriate seeds needed for selected projects.

The NFWF grant also funds half a staff position to develop and execute a program of outreach targeted at building interest among landowners in pollinator habitat projects. The Board decided to supplement that funding and hire a new full-time staff member to work with the rest of the staff and chapter leadership on integrated outreach, development, and services program for both landowner outreach and building the general membership and volunteer engagement in the chapters. We will have more about these new staff positions and strategic directions in future blog postings.

On a personal note, I am both excited and more than a bit daunted by the challenge of assuming a new, expanded role in the leadership of TPE during this important transition. Having just finished visiting all eleven of our chapters since the first of the year and discussed these opportunities and changes with many of you in considerable depth, I am deeply impressed by the engagement and thoughtfulness of the leaders and members across the organization. There is a strong sense of hope and even optimism about our future, but there is also a very realistic and well-considered understanding of the significant challenges we will face. I do feel very well supported by the Board, staff, chapter leadership and our members, and ask for all your help in working together through this transition process.

As always, please let me know what you think at president@ThePrairieEnthusiasts.org.

Scott Fulton, President and Acting Executive Director

A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

32 Annual Conference and Banquet

     Nearly 260 prairie enthusiasts gathered Feb. 29 on a beautiful leap-year day at UW-Platteville campus for the 32nd annual TPE Conference and Banquet.

     Hosted by the Southwest and Prairie Bluff chapters, with coordination by Chapter Support staff, the team gained access to the building at 6:30 a.m. and scrambled to open for continental breakfast, raffle ticket sale and silent auction displays by 8 a.m.

     The keynote address, “Following Flames from Prairie Bluffs to Backwater Pines,” by Dr. Lytton John Musselman, Professor of Botany at Virginia’s Old Dominion University in Norfolk, peppered humor and research as he compared Midwest prairies and savannas with Virginia’s long-leaf pine ecosystem. Both are fire dependent.

     Breakout sessions followed in the morning and after lunch. Attendees had three options each hour. Topics included control of invasives, building conservation communities, turtles, timber rattlesnakes and more. In the afternoon, participants had a choice of panel discussions: “Common problems and solutions among conservation organizations,” and “Planting seeds: Using programs and social media to foster a love of prairies among all generations.”

     Everyone appreciated the live music of John Peterson during lunch.

     Time was allotted for socializing, exploring exhibits, bidding on silent auction items, and strategically spreading raffle tickets among dozens and dozens of items. According to Evanne Hunt, Board member, the silent auction brought in $3,469, the raffle $2,832, with a grand total of $6,301 to be shared among host chapters.

     The banquet dinner included pasta bar followed by the popular chocolate fountain. In the evening, a representative from each chapter gave a brief account of it activities for the 32nd Annual Conference & Banquet year. Executive Director Chris Kirkpatrick spoke to the group about the new initiatives TPE plans with a US Wildlife Services grant of $245,000. He also described the new capabilities of the recently acquired NationBuilder computer program.

     The winner of this year’s photo contest was Sue Steinmann’s

“The Beauty of the Burn.”

 

     The Conference Haiku challenge winner was Madison Belland with:

They speak, I listen

A strong voice for the voiceless

“Restoryation”

      Volunteers were honored through the night’s program. Three chapters awarded “Volunteers of the Year” – EmpireSauk chose Ron Endres, Minnesota Driftless honored Gabe Erickson, and Southwest celebrated Martha and Steve Querin-Schultz.

      Awards continued with overall TPE Chapter Volunteer of the Year Award given to Sue Steinmann and Bill Weege for their tireless work in protecting the Rattlesnake Ridge Preserve. The program ended with Gary Eldred surprising Scott Fulton with a Jonathan Wilde original painting in appreciation of his extraordinary service to the organization during his tenure as Board President.

     John Peterson performed beautifully on the guitar and mandolin during lunch. (Photos by Jerry Newman)

     Keynote speaker Dr. Lytton John Musselman, professor of botany at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va.

     Greg Schmidt, private lands’ biologist with Iowa DNR, presents on the timber rattlesnake.

     Board President Scott Fulton presents TPE Chapter Volunteer of the Year Award to Sue Steinmann (and Bill Weege, not pictured) for their work protecting the Rattlesnake Ridge Preserve.

A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

Timber Rattlesnakes: Vanishing Blufflands Icon

By Brian Bielema

Historically significant and emblematic of the wildness that once existed along the towering bluffs of the Mississippi River, the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) continues to survive in isolated pockets. Revered and respected by Native Americans, with some tribes calling it “Grandfather,” it was vilified by European settlers and now only thrives in the most remote mountain ranges of the Eastern states.

Photo: Mother and her litter at a birthing rookery. The neonates (newborn snakes) are grayish and tucked in and around their mother. Photo by Brian Bielema 

After centuries of persecution and wanton killing, a viable population still exists in the Midwest, and it’s up to us to protect it. Stories maligning and demonizing the rattlesnake don’t fit with the creature I’ve studied for 30 years. I hope to show you why Benjamin Franklin was right when he penned a multi-point document in support of using the rattlesnake as the symbol of our new nation, calling it “an emblem of magnanimity and true courage.”

First and foremost, timber rattlesnakes have a passive temperament. They rely on cryptic coloration to go unnoticed and will almost always allow a human to pass by, maintaining silence even when a foot is placed well within striking distance. Their venom, needed to secure prey, wouldn’t be wasted on an animal the size of a human. Even when stepped on, their usual reaction is to rattle and crawl away.

If threatened, they may strike defensively. The vast majority of bites are known as “illegitimate,” because the wounds were inflicted during attempts to kill or capture them. Often, these defensive strikes inject no venom, resulting in a “dry bite” with no systemic effects.

Timber rattlesnakes are ambush predators. They brumate (inactive but not hibernating) in rocky dens from November to March and are active from April to October. This can vary, however, and with the warming climate, emergence generally comes earlier and ingress to dens later.

Upon emergence, rattlesnakes seek open canopy rocks in the vicinity of their dens, or move to a foraging site to await their first, and often only, skin shedding (molting) of the year. Months in the den often result in skin lesions that are removed by this molting. Snake Fungal Disease has been found in the timber rattlesnake, which produces severe lesions, mostly on the head, but gratefully hasn’t been lethal as it has with Illinois’ other rattlesnake, the Eastern massasauga.

Each molting adds a segment to the snake’s rattle “string.” Molting may take place a second time later in the summer or fall. After the rattlesnakes have completed their post emergent molt, non-pregnant females and males search for ambush sites to forage for white-footed mice, Eastern gray squirrels and Eastern chipmunks in closed canopy forests with many fallen logs or edges of grassy fields where voles (prairie and meadow) are the target. As an opportunistic predator, other mammals and birds also are taken as size permits.

Ambush sites are chosen by sampling fallen logs for the presence of mouse runways by “tongue flicking” the tops to detect fresh scents. This technique also is employed on the sides of trees that may harbor gray squirrel nests. Once an ambush site is chosen, the rattlesnake rests its head on the side of the log or against the base of a tree, or it lies coiled next to a vole run.

In this position, three senses come into play to direct the strike. With the jaw resting on the log, it can feel vibrations from a prey animal approaching. It also has good peripheral vision, but the most remarkable sense organs are the heat detecting pits just below and slightly forward of the eyes. Warm blooded prey is “seen” as a stereoscopic image not unlike that produced by a second set of eyes. This second sight allows the rattlesnake to strike accurately in total darkness. When a small mammal such as a mouse is struck, the snake immediately pulls back, avoiding injury from the wounded animal.

The envenomated mouse wanders off and succumbs to the venom. After a brief wait, the rattlesnake follows the scent trail, finds and swallows it headfirst. Remarkably, the smell of the envenomated prey is distinctive, and the rattlesnake can track it through a maze of scent trails laid down by other mice. When birds are struck, the snake holds on until the venom takes effect as a wounded bird would most likely fly, leaving no scent trail and would be lost. The ambush position may be maintained for many hours, and the snake may actually fall asleep before approaching prey awakens them. It’s recently been discovered the prior presence of other rattlesnakes may provide “public knowledge” of successful sites, drawing others to them by scent.

One surprising benefit rattlesnakes provide humans is that eating their main food species, white-footed mice, reduces Lyme disease. Up to 90% of white-footed mice carry the Lyme bacteria, and tick larvae and nymphs become infected by biting the mice. If the mouse is consumed, both the disease carrier and its tick load is eliminated. It’s estimated a single rattlesnake may consume more than 1,000 ticks annually, thus reducing Lyme disease in rattlesnake inhabited areas.

Females have rockier path

For pregnant females, life is quite different. They have built up fat reserves in the year or two prior and rarely feed during pregnancy until they give birth. Mating has taken place the previous summer to early fall, and both sexes may have multiple partners. This results in multiple paternities in some litters.

Sperm is stored by the female over the winter, and the eggs are fertilized the following spring after ovulation. Rattlesnakes give birth to live young, not eggs. Pregnant females seek out open canopy, usually large table rocks, logs or even man-made structures, where they remain until giving birth in late August or September. Some of these sites (known as birthing rookeries) are used by multiple females and may serve for decades as long as the canopy remains open, and the structure is unchanged.

Some females leave the rookery to give birth in sheltered areas nearby, but the majority have their litters at the gestation site. Fidelity to a gestation site finds females returning for successive pregnancies.

Due to the fragile population in the Midwest, it’s difficult to easily recover from the loss of even one mature female. Many females have a single litter in their lives, and few have two or three litters. In my 30-year study, lifetime reproductive events break down as follows: 48.4% had a single observed event, 29% had two events, 9.7% had three, 6.5% had four, and just one female each had five and six litters in her life. Reproductive cycles for females with multiple pregnancies are usually two to three years.

Reproductive maturity locally may occur as young as 4 years. I witnessed mating of a female with a complete rattle string (when the end button is present on the rattle, age can be estimated with some accuracy). Several experts agreed with this age after viewing photos. If she became pregnant the following year from this mating, she would have given birth at age 5. The Eastern populations mature slower and may be as old as 7-9 years before being able to reproduce.

After giving birth, some mothers remain with their neonates (newborn snakes) until they complete their post-natal shed, usually within 10-14 days. But most females I’ve observed leave the newborn snakes after a few days of recuperation. (Pregnancy exacts a high cost, and postpartum females are extremely emaciated. Some don’t recover.) Upon emergence the following spring, they remain in poor physical condition with visible loose skin folds on their depleted bodies.

The young (litter size 1-11, mean of 5.6) are born with a gray coloration, pre-buttons on their tails and are about the size of a fat lead pencil in length and girth. After their molts, they look more like the adults in color and possess a button. Each successive shedding adds a segment below the button. When rattles reach lengths of five or six segments, they increasingly become prone to breakage. Old rattlesnakes rarely maintain their end buttons, and the three-lobed broken end segments can easily be distinguished from buttons.

Younger snakes tend to have tapering rattles, and charts prepared by several researchers can help determine age. Timber rattlesnakes are long-live, with some reaching 45 or 50 years old, and by then have straight-sided rattles with almost no taper.

Rattlers are amazing creatures

As we learn more of the secret lives of timber rattlers through radio telemetry, videography and innovative experiments, we discover abilities beyond our previous understanding. Sociality and kinship recognition are present and important.

Newborn snakes have the ability to find a den site within days of birth. With the mother gone, securing her own meal after her long fast, the neonates leave the birthing site, forage for food (but the remaining yolk allows them to overwinter without securing a meal), and if luck is with them, find the scent trails of older rattlesnakes moving back to the den. The young imprint on this den site and return here for the rest of their lives. In some cases, they may use another den, but there is high fidelity for the initial den. In this manner, some dens have been used for decades and probably centuries as successive generations continue the pattern. Their “mental maps” allow them to travel far from the den in loops that bring them back in the fall.

Although it’s difficult to determine exact numbers of such a secretive and cryptic species, it’s safe to say timber rattlesnakes in the Midwest need protection. In my native Illinois, it’s listed as a threatened species and afforded legal protection. In the Driftless Area of Northwest Illinois where I study, I know of only three viable populations. I consider a viable population to have 50-100 snakes. Admittedly, I haven’t surveyed this entire corner of the state but would be surprised if there were more than six viable populations left. Throughout its Upper Mississippi River range, most populations are isolated and losing ground as development encroaches.

It took a commitment to save the bald eagle, eventually chosen as our country’s emblem. Timber rattlesnakes, truly American symbols of wild blufflands, deserve to have protection for their remaining populations, too, lest we lose them forever.

For additional citations for this story or for any questions, I can be reached at timberrattlesnake@gmail.com

Brian has a bachelor’s degree in zoology from the University of Illinois, and master’s in biology from Western Illinois University. His research on timber rattlesnakes began 50 years ago, and he co-authored the Illinois section of the Timber Rattlesnake Conservation Action Plan for the U.S.

This article appeared in the Spring 2020 edition of the Prairie Promoter, a publication of news, art and writing from The Prairie Enthusiasts community. Explore the full collection and learn how to submit your work here

Some dens are located in hill prairie rock outcrops such as this. Photo by Brian Bielema

A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

Hey prairie people!

By Pam Richards

Last summer a variety of prairies were discovered at Lake Carroll – a four-season recreational community between Lanark and Pearl City, Ill.  Carroll County is the southern-most region of the TPE-monitored areas.  These finds included a remnant, a planted prairie, and golf course prairies.  Both the remnant and planted prairies were featured in two local news mediums.             

Becky Janopoulos, along with Jim and Pam Richards, Lake Carroll residents and Northwest Illinois Prairie Enthusiasts (NIPE) members, noticed eight acres of prairie remnant on both sides of an established ATV trail where Jim Richards found a unique plant later identified by Jim Rachuy as the short green milkweed with a conservation value of 10 (Wilhelm & Rericha, 2017).

In the fall, Jim and Rickie Rachuy planted the seed from the one green milkweed pod in their rare species garden and grew 24 seedlings.  Then Duane Ambroz, Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) heritage biologist, visited this remnant twice and determined it to be a grade three abandoned pasture/gravel hill remnant prairie.  He found two types of Spiranthes orchids or lady’s tresses during his visits and since then, we have identified 30 grasses and forbs at that location.

At the same time, we investigated another seven-acre prairie along Lake Carroll Boulevard. This mesic-dry prairie was planted in 1989 by IDNR, Pheasants Forever, and the Lake Association. Since then, we have found a second unit separated by a woodland. These have not been managed, and we wanted to recognize and protect them, so prairie signs were posted. Here we have documented 35 forb and grass species so far, and will continue to catalog plants, butterflies and other insect species.

If that was not enough work for us, a golfer escorted us around the 18-hole course where we found six planted mini-prairies. It was exciting to see how great they looked after 30 years and will hopefully provide an additional seed bank opportunity for us. 

We formed a Lake Carroll Prairie Club in September 2018 to recruit Lake Members’ help.  Our mission statement is “To preserve and maintain the prairies and woodlands of Lake Carroll to improve the quality of the community’s ecosystem.”  We currently have 35 members and hold monthly meetings and write Lake newsletter articles to educate the community on the benefits and beauty of these prairies. We post the emerging forbs or insect discoveries along with an educational text on the Lake’s Facebook page. 

Topics have ranged from the definition and benefits of prairies, woodland management, eradication of invasive species, prairie plant varieties, wildlife, prairie burns and rain gardens. We even planted our own rain garden to prove how, in a one-inch rainfall, just two downspouts spilling out 600 gallons of water can dissipate within a couple of hours. This was featured on a garden walk here.  We have been working on all these sites eradicating invasives, burning and collecting seeds.

But wait, there’s more

The Prairie Club and Lake Manager Joe Rush proposed and received approval to plant an acre parcel called the Edgewater Planting. We want to showcase this prairie by planting annuals followed by a variety of prairie plants in a structured arrangement! We are also experimenting with prairie planting in a campground area where trees fell and were removed.

Rush also encouraged us to join the Watershed Plan Committee, which works to obtain matching federal grant monies for the East Fork Creek watershed, surrounding local farmers and the Lake Carroll Association. This has been a great learning experience, and we are passing on information about the effects of polluted run-off on streams, lakes and rivers including the Mississippi.

Of course, the three of us are dedicated workers for the NIPE group in Carroll and Jo Daviess counties as well and have been grateful for the mentoring from the NIPE board and staff. If you’re down in the Carroll County area—stop by—we’ll show you around and put you to work!

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A Major Transition for The Prairie Enthusiasts

Member Profile: Tom & Kathie Brock

What do TPE member and emeritus professor Tom Brock have in common with rock-n-roll star Steve Miller? In addition to never hearing of the other, they both were awarded Honorary Doctorate degrees from UW-Madison in May.

Tom received the degree for his pioneering work on thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria he had isolated and characterized from the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. He was also recognized for the work he and his wife Kathie Brock did in the restoration of their property, Pleasant Valley Conservancy (PVC). In a relatively small area (140 acres) they have restored several ecotypes- wetland, prairies, oak savanna and oak woods.

(Miller, as you might suspect, was honored for his music.) In 1980 and 1984, Tom and Kathie Brock purchased the PVC property in two separate transactions primarily for recreation. Sometime later, when Kathie was volunteering for The Nature Conservancy (TNC), she heard about oak savannas – the critically endangered ecosystem once common in southern Wisconsin.

Tom also recalled seeing side-oats grama on the property and remembering it was a prairie plant. The presence of large bur and white oaks with the prairie plants suggested PVC once was an oak savanna. Overtaken by honeysuckle and buckthorn, and other invasives, the Brocks turned their property from recreation to recreation of the oak savanna and prairie.

They went all in starting in 1997, going so far as to hire the town of Vermont crew for a week to remove trees along the south slope below a prairie remnant (still referred to as Kathie’s Prairie). They also had their first prescribed burn that year and hired some additional help. Soon after, in 1999, they hired Paul Michler and myself to cut and treat buckthorn. Our equipment in those days was marginal – one small Stihl brush cutter, a spray bottle of Roundup and a Geo Tracker – all borrowed from the Brocks.

In those early days, Kathie would sometimes locate desirable species along nearby roadsides and collect the seeds. One day she found a new species for us to collect. Before spreading the seed, she took a sample to Madison for positive identification. That proved fortunate as this was the first time any of us had encountered Japanese hedge parsley.

Rather than burning, large logs from the cleared trees, the Brocks would leave logs by the side of the road for neighbors to take for firewood. Some cherry and walnut logs were given away for lumber.

If you visit PVC, you may notice a relatively high number of paper birch in a fire-dependent area. Kathie likes these trees, so the area around them are cleared to avoid damage by fire. Happily, the birch seem to be good habitat for redheaded woodpeckers, a state endangered bird.

Tom and Kathie treated this property like a huge experiment. They kept extensive notes and have taken numerous photographs over the years. The property is divided into several management areas. A plant species list was prepared initially with about 300 species identified. A plant survey in 2008 identified 493 species present at PVC.

A geology professor was invited to come out to describe the geology. Once most of the invasive trees were removed, all trees over 10 inches DBH (a forestry term describing diameter at breast height) were tagged and geolocated. Over 4,000 trees were mapped this way and data entered as tosize, species and whether dead or alive. This data was useful in showing the extent of bur oak blight at PVC Tom reported in the April 2018 edition of The Prairie Promoter.

In addition, many trees were present in aerial photos from the 1930s. Some of the larger oaks have been aged, and the oldest is over 200 years old. For several years, starting in 2003, Tom and Kathie hired summer interns to continue the restoration work. Always the professor, Tom would present a lecture on various topics on restoration during lunch. They are also willing to have research done on their land (with approval), including using plant hormones to control reed canary grass, or the study of great blue lobelia.

Tom conducted his own research on controlling invasives such as sumac and honeysuckle. He has published results of his work in Restoration Ecology and The North American Prairie Conference Proceedings in addition to The Prairie Promoter. They are always willing to share their experiences and show their results to various groups such as Madison Audubon Society, Blue Mounds Area Project, and Land Trust Alliance among others. They have guided tours of their property annually on Labor Day. They also host group tours to identify birds, butterflies and other fauna and flora.

Over the years, Kathie has propagated desirable plants from seed that were not present or present in small numbers such as purple milkweed, a state endangered plant. Purple milkweed appeared on their property shortly after initial clearing of non-savanna species. She transplanted the seedlings to appropriate areas, flagged them to determine survival rates and watered them if needed. In addition, Kathie has compiled data and produced a table of the best time of year to collect seeds from individual species.

They’ve collected and/ or traded seeds with Goose Pond (Madison Audubon), Swamplovers and others. The result is a fabulous example of oak savanna (with added birches), remnant goat prairie, wetland, restored prairie and oak woodlands. The property was dedicated a State Natural Area on June 6, 2008. While Tom and Kathie received some money from grants, they paid for this beautiful restoration project essentially with their own money from which we all benefit and are grateful.

Salvaging Black Earth (Rettenmund) Prairie

About five miles north of PVC is Black Earth Prairie (BEP). It’s a prairie remnant of spectacular diversity. Previously owned by TNC, BEP was suffering from benign neglect because, as a relatively small property for TNC, there were only 1-2 volunteer work parties each year. The southern end of this 17-acre prairie had been severely taken over by brush.

Tom and Kathie gave TNC money in 2003 to have the brush removed by contractors. They also restored the area by the entrance, which had become mainly brome grass. They then took over stewardship of the prairie in 2005 by hosting monthly work parties to continue controlling invasives, collecting seeds and managing controlled burns. Due to the unusual configuration of the property, burning only within the boundary was difficult, so they convinced the neighboring landowner to include part of his pasture in the burn unit. This produced an unintended benefit with the appearance of copious little bluestem and butterfly milkweed in the pasture. TNC transferred BEP to TPE in 2007. Tom and Kathie are the site stewards to this day.

Tom keeps a blog about PVC, found at pleasantvalleyconservancy.org. Tom recently compiled a history of the work performed over the years entitled Restoring a Fragile Landscape. The two volumes can be readily downloaded from their website. While the number of pages may seem daunting, they consist primarily of photographs, and one can quickly discern how much Tom loves controlled burns. PVC is open to the public. There are several hiking trails and even a boardwalk to access the wetland. Check it out if you can.

 

More on PVC at: 

Download history Volume I (44 MB):

https://uwmadison.box.com/s/ymgm37i3pey9ibq5p9jg3p67ossiwqo6

Download history Volume II (22.3 MB):

https://uwmadison.box.com/s/qonhq5kzt3uusigtgzh7xxs7o0e4un32