Garlic Mustard Season is Beginning: Tips and Tricks

Garlic Mustard Season is Beginning: Tips and Tricks

Garlic Mustard Season is Beginning: Tips and Tricks

Written by Dan Carter. Photos by Dan Carter.

April 6, 2026

Garlic mustard season is beginning. The image shows garlic mustard seedlings (left) next to a second-year plant (right) that will flower later this spring if we allow it. They are growing beneath walnut, boxelder, and common buckthorn.

Before you work to control it, I strongly encourage looking for underlying contributors to garlic mustard invasion. Garlic mustard is often most abundant where exotic brush or trees like walnut, black locust, white mulberry, or boxelder are present. These not only produce the shade garlic mustard likes, but their leaf litter decomposes rapidly. This rapid decomposition means that the litter fails to physically obstruct garlic mustard seedlings, and it also means that the litter releases nutrients and essentially fertilizes garlic mustard at the perfect time for garlic mustard to take advantage. I don’t bother doing anything about garlic mustard in those kinds of settings unless it is part of a restoration project that is also addressing  the underlying problem of high nutrient availability and excessive shade. Even then, I might not worry about a little garlic mustard if restoration activities cause the site to become dramatically sunnier and more exposed to drying winds, because garlic mustard competes poorly in such settings.

When I do control garlic mustard, I rely on the following:

1) Consecutive years of prescribed fire between fall and very early spring, if there is adequate leaf litter or other fuel. Garlic mustard is green through the dormant season, so burning at that time harms it. Very well-timed burns just after seedlings germinate (late March in southern Wisconsin) are very beneficial. Most second-year plants will survive fire, but have reduced vigor, but there will be few second-year plants if burns occur over a few consecutive years.

2) In late March or very early April I use a flame weeder (torch connected to a propane tank) when conditions are damp and there is no risk of starting a wildfire. It only takes a quick pass of the heat of the flame to melt away young seedling plants, and they won’t come back. Second year plants will be damaged, but most won’t be killed unless you keep the flame on them for long periods.

3) I pull second year plants beginning as soon as the ground thaws and continue through early flowering. Pulled plants do not need to be removed from the site so long as they aren’t left with good root contact to soil. Seed pods (siliques) that have not begun to fatten will not produce viable seeds.

I generally don’t foliar spray garlic mustard with herbicide, because I find the above approaches to be sufficient. Also, many desirable native species maintain green leaves through the winter, and if they are present, I don’t want them to get sprayed. They tend to be perennials that recover from flame weeding and benefit for dormant season fires.

(Regarding photos below) The first photo shows an area under a large white mulberry tree with many walnut trees coming up around it. These produce ideal habitat for garlic mustard and other weeds–fast-decomposing leaf litter that doesn’t smother plants that are green during the cold times of year and releases nutrients when garlic mustard can most take advantage. I wouldn’t bother with garlic mustard control in a setting like this unless it was a new arrival to an area or I was concurrently addressing the underlying problem, which here is white mulberry and walnut that don’t belong in a savanna. The second picture shows up close what is growing beneath the mulberry and walnut–abundant garlic mustard, dame’s rocket, and motherwort. The other carrot family thing probably is either sweet cicely or aniseroot (not sure). Those two species and other native woodland plants with sticktight seeds like white avens, honewort, and stickseed are often found in places like this. 

About The Prairie Enthusiasts 

The Prairie Enthusiasts is an accredited land trust that seeks to ensure the perpetuation and recovery of prairie, oak savanna, and other fire-dependent ecosystems of the Upper Midwest through protection, management, restoration, and education. In doing so, they strive to work openly and cooperatively with private landowners and other private and public conservation groups. Their management and stewardship centers on high-quality remnants, which contain nearly all the components of endangered prairie communities. 

Why Prairies Unfold and Gently Reveal – Finding Delight in the Discovery

Why Prairies Unfold and Gently Reveal – Finding Delight in the Discovery

Why Prairies Unfold and Gently Reveal – Finding Delight in the Discovery

Photo and piece by Brent J. Anderson, Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter member

March 20, 2026

“I still don’t understand,” she said, scanning the five acres in front of us. “I get hummingbirds all the time near the house. Why not out here yet?” It was a fair question. Her traditional garden beds, tucked close to the house, buzzed with life. But the prairie reconstruction — now in its early years — felt quieter by comparison. Not empty. Just… young. “And the meadowlarks,” she continued. “They’re known to nest within five miles. You’d think at least one would check this place out.”

We stood at the edge of the field, the mid-July sun warming the grasses. Around the perimeter, the bluebird boxes she had carefully installed waited with patient optimism. “They’ll come,” I said. “You’ve picked the right milestones. They’re just operating on prairie time.” She gave me the look I’ve seen many times from new prairie builders — the look that mixes hope with the faint suspicion that nature might be ignoring their carefully laid plans.

Shifting the Lens
I reassured her that her goals were sound. Hummingbirds, meadowlarks and nesting bluebirds are meaningful indicators of a maturing ecosystem, and eventually many of them will arrive. Some may appear in a few years. Others may take decades. That is not pessimism. That is prairie reality.

Then I suggested something different. “Let’s hunt for Easter eggs,” I said.

She laughed. “In July?”

“In prairie work,” I told her, “the small discoveries are the big wins — if you train yourself to see them.” Her expression shifted from frustration to curiosity, which is exactly the turn you hope for. “I bet the orb weavers are out today,” I added.

“What’s an orb weaver?”

“Big spiders – especially big in September,” I said. “But start by looking small. Move slowly. Intentionally.

The First Discovery
We had barely gone twenty yards before she stopped. “What is this?” Nestled among the young grasses was a delicate little plant with star-shaped, pale-blue flowers.

Instead of answering, I handed her a new assignment. “Download iNaturalist,” I said. “You’re going to identify it yourself.” There was some good-natured grumbling, followed by several minutes of crouching, photographing and squinting at her phone.

Then her face lit up. “Blue-eyed grass!”

“Yes,” I said. “Good job!”

She looked back at the plant, then at me. “Did we include that in the original seed mix?”

“You planted it,” I reminded her. “It was one of the six species I gave you a few Christmases ago. You frost-seeded it a few days after the holidays.” That earned a wide grin — and our first pair of dirtied knees, always a promising sign during a prairie walk.

Spiders and Small Victories
We did find the spiders — just not immediately. A banded garden spider hung in its web, far more intimidating at first glance than in reality. She circled it cautiously, then leaned closer to take photos. As she studied it, I shared why many Indigenous cultures viewed orb weavers with respect — symbols of patience, persistence and careful craftsmanship. The story seemed to settle her nerves. What began as hesitation turned into genuine fascination. More importantly, her attention sharpened. She began to slow down, scan more deliberately and notice details that would have slipped past her an hour earlier.

That shift opened the door.

The Prairie Begins to Reveal Itself
The discoveries began stacking up. “Leopard frogs? Out here?” she asked, genuinely surprised. “Away from water?”

“Isn’t that cool?” I replied. “They’ve got what they need — food, shade, moisture. Have you ever seen them on this part of your land before?”

“Never.”

“That’s a win,” I said. “A legitimate mini-milestone! Your ‘insect buffet’ is clearly improving.” From there, the pace grew purposeful. Insects she had never noticed before appeared in the grasses. We paused often, crouching low with phones out, identifying one species after another. As the sun climbed higher, the butterflies arrived on cue. One fluttered near my shoulder then onto a stem, and I managed a close photo. “Common Checkered-Skipper,” I said, showing her the screen.

She leaned in — and then let out a delighted shriek when she saw the detail. “I had no idea something like that was even here.” Moments later she spotted the metallic flash of a pure green sweat bee. That one stopped her cold. “It doesn’t even look real,” she whispered.

“These show up when things are headed the right direction,” I told her. “I am a little surprised you haven’t seen them near the house.” She shook her head slowly, scanning the prairie again.

“There’s just so much more to find and see out here.”

Exactly.

The Ripple Effect
What happened next may have been the most important milestone of the day. Her discoveries created momentum. Within a week she was bringing her kids out to look for what they started calling “prairie Easter eggs.” Soon after, neighbors were invited to walk the field. Even her elderly parents — armed with canes and walkers — joined slow, careful hikes along the edges.

She wasn’t just observing anymore. She was sharing what she was learning, pointing out plants, explaining insects and celebrating each new find with the enthusiasm of someone who had crossed an invisible threshold.

Watching that unfold was deeply rewarding for me, because it signaled something profound. The prairie was already doing its quiet work — not just in the soil and stems but in the people connected to it.

The Quiet Truth About Prairie Work:
Prairie reconstruction is not a single finish line; it is a long unfolding process measured in decades rather than seasons. The hummingbirds will come. As wild bergamot, columbine and early figwort continue to establish and expand, nectar resources will improve and the odds will steadily shift in her favor. The meadowlarks may come too — but perhaps not on her preferred timeline.

And that is the deeper lesson prairies teach all of us.

We are not the true managers of these systems. At best, we are careful guides and patient caretakers. Weather patterns, soil microbes, plant succession and a fair measure of luck all play their parts. Even under excellent stewardship, a full, mature prairie community may take 25 to 50 years to fully express itself.

That reality can frustrate us or it can free us.

When you learn to celebrate the in-between milestones — the unexpected frog, the first sweat bee, the tiny forb you almost missed — you begin to experience the prairie the way it actually unfolds. Not as a destination you control but as a living system you have the privilege to witness. The big milestones will come in time.

But the sustaining joy is found along the way.

 

Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter of The Prairie Enthusiasts

Our Chapter includes the Minnesota counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Isanti, Ramsey, Scott, Sherburne and Wright Counties. While our Chapter prioritizes identification and management of remnant fire-dependent systems, many times we’re actively involved in restoration work – especially in creating buffers around existing remnants, or assisting landowners committed to re-creating prairies on their properties. We’re actively seeking new members committed to the protection and care of prairie remnants, managing prairies through prescribed fire, restoring degraded prairies, building new prairies and/or excited to learn about prairie projects in their own communities. We invite you to subscribe to our Chapter updates and become a member. Learn more about the Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter here.

About The Prairie Enthusiasts 

The Prairie Enthusiasts is an accredited land trust that seeks to ensure the perpetuation and recovery of prairie, oak savanna, and other fire-dependent ecosystems of the Upper Midwest through protection, management, restoration, and education. In doing so, they strive to work openly and cooperatively with private landowners and other private and public conservation groups. Their management and stewardship centers on high-quality remnants, which contain nearly all the components of endangered prairie communities. 

Karrikins & Soil Health: Emerging Tools for Accelerating Prairie Succession

Karrikins & Soil Health: Emerging Tools for Accelerating Prairie Succession

Karrikins and Soil Health: Emerging Tools for Accelerating Prairie Succession

Article and photo by Brent J. Anderson, Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter member 

January 26, 2026

Prairie restorations often fall short of public expectations, not because of a lack of planning or care, but because the soil itself isn’t yet ready to support the species people hope to see in the first few years. “Patience is a virtue” reminders too often aren’t heard when the photos and plans suggest immediate gratification and beautiful outcomes. Early successional plants like black-eyed Susan and wild bergamot are always encouraging, but most audiences want richer diversity sooner than the traditional restoration timeline allows. Standard practices emphasize soil preparation, planting and weed management – then we wait for nutrient cycling, soil structure and mycorrhizal networks to mature enough for late-successional species to thrive. Depending on conditions and disturbance, that process can take 10 to 25 years. 

Over the past four years, my interest in soil ecology has deepened, leading me to explore natural, largely native amendments that might promote earlier germination of a wider range of species. As I learned more about the chemical and biological signals within soil, I became especially intrigued by compounds associated with fire—particularly karrikins. 

Karrikins were first identified in 2004 when Australian researchers isolated karrikinolide from the smoke of burned vegetation. These small organic molecules help explain why “smoke water” can stimulate dormant seeds and why fire-dependent species emerge so dramatically after wildfires or prescribed burns. In many ecosystems – including Midwestern prairies – certain species germinate only when fire releases karrikins that bind to soil particles and are later washed into the seed bank by rainfall. This is why plants like sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis) often appear only after several burns, and why some late-successional species remain hidden in restorations for a decade or more. 

Plants that rely on this cue – often called fire-followers or fire-ephemerals – germinate rapidly after fire, grow, flower and set seed within a short window, leaving behind a new generation of dormant seeds in the seed bank. Rain alone cannot activate them. Without the chemical signature of fire, they remain dormant through many cycles of wetting and drying and may persist in the soil for decades. 

However, emerging research also shows that karrikins are not a universal or unlimited solution. Concentration matters. While low levels of smoke-derived compounds can stimulate germination in some species, higher concentrations may actually delay or suppress germination in others. This variability suggests that prairie species respond differently to smoke cues, reinforcing the need for species-specific research rather than blanket applications. In other words, what “wakes up” one plant may tell another to remain dormant. Understanding these thresholds is critical if smoke-derived treatments are to be used responsibly and effectively in larger restorations or even small-scale projects. 

For the “pocket prairie enthusiast,” smoke water is relatively simple to conceptualize, though it should be approached thoughtfully. Smoke water is typically made by capturing smoke from burning native plant material and dissolving those smoke compounds into water – essentially transferring fire’s chemical signal without applying heat to the soil. Importantly, any burned material should consist only of locally native grasses and wildflowers, free from treated lumber, invasive species or other contaminants. Using inappropriate plant material risks introducing unfamiliar chemical signals or residues that don’t belong in the ecosystem being restored. As with fire itself, restraint and ecological context matter. 

Understanding these processes has meaningful implications for prairie restoration. If we can ethically and ecologically mimic or supplement natural fire cues – while respecting species-specific responses – we may be able to stimulate the emergence of plants that would otherwise take much longer to appear. Done carefully, this approach has the potential to advance prairie maturity without bypassing the natural checks that make these systems resilient. 

Additional Research & Reading

About The Prairie Enthusiasts and the Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter

Established in 2024, this new Chapter covers the counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Isanti, Ramsey, Scott, Sherburne and Wright Counties in Minnesota. We’re actively seeking passionate new members committed to the protection of prairie remnants, restoring degraded prairies, building new prairies and/or excited to learn more about prairie projects in their own communities. We invite you to subscribe to our Chapter updates and become a member. Learn more about the Minnesota Oak Savanna Chapter here.

How to Deal With Toxic Weeds: Grecian Foxglove

How to Deal With Toxic Weeds: Grecian Foxglove

How to Deal With Toxic Weeds: Grecian Foxglove

Management Methods for Removing Harmful Invasive Plants

Article by Josie Clausen
January 9, 2026

 Grecian Foxglove (Digitalis lanata). Photo from University of Minnesota extension page.

Removing invasive species can be backbreaking labor, pulling deep taproots, hauling branches and logs, and possible risk of exposure to herbicides. However, most plants do not fight back quite as bad as Grecian Foxglove (Digitalis lanata), a flowering herbaceous plant native to Europe and North Africa.

Foxgloves contain cardiac glycosides, a class of organic compounds that is highly toxic to humans and other animals. Exposure to these cardiac glycosides can decrease heart rate and increase cardiac contractility, high exposure can be fatal.

To safely remove the invasive, long sleeves and gloves must be worn, due to the absorption of the chemicals when it comes into contact with skin. Mowing the plants before they go to seed can help to prevent spread as the plants are short-lived and only live a few seasons. Best practice is to leave the removed plant material on the homeowners property due to the risks involved in moving invasive plants. However that might not always be possible because of the toxicity. Livestock or pets who may munch on the plant material could be severely poisoned and possibly die. Burning Foxglove is not recommended because the effects of the chemicals are potent when inhaled.

When moving cut invasive plants containing the seeds and root rhizomes is essential. Securing plant material in bags or containers while transporting to disposal sites ensures the plant will not be spread. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency website under the Materials and Waste Management page has a list of public community composting sites. These removal techniques are recommended for other invasives, toxic or not. Be safe when dealing with Grecian Foxglove and call poison control if there is any possibility of contact or contamination. This is regulated as a Prohibited species in Wisconsin under NR-40, which should be reviewed by anyone planning to transport Grecian foxglove plant material for any reason. To learn more, click here: http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/admin_code/nr/001/40.pdf

About The Prairie Enthusiasts 

The Prairie Enthusiasts is an accredited land trust that seeks to ensure the perpetuation and recovery of prairie, oak savanna, and other fire-dependent ecosystems of the Upper Midwest through protection, management, restoration, and education. In doing so, they strive to work openly and cooperatively with private landowners and other private and public conservation groups. Their management and stewardship centers on high-quality remnants, which contain nearly all the components of endangered prairie communities. 

Rare Sand Barrens Ecosystem Preserved in Southeast Wisconsin

Rare Sand Barrens Ecosystem Preserved in Southeast Wisconsin

Rare Sand Barrens Ecosystem Preserved in Southeast Wisconsin    

Written by Reid Bartholomew
July 7, 2025

Photo by Jessica Bizub

EAGLE, WIWisconsinites can now visit one of Southeast Wisconsin’s rarest kinds of habitats just outside of Milwaukee. Mukwonago River Oak Barrens, a 61-acre property protected by The Prairie Enthusiasts in June of this year, features sand barren habitat, an incredible diversity of plant and animal life, and access to the pristine Mukwonago River. 

Located in Waukesha County, WI, Mukwonago River Oak Barrens harbors one of the finest remaining examples of sandy oak barrens in the region—an ecosystem rare in Southeast Wisconsin. The 61 acres of the former Christmas tree farm is teeming with life, supporting 275 native plant species within a mosaic of sedge meadow, moist savanna, and prairie. The Mukwonago River winds through the property in a lazy flow that belies the activity beneath the surface; over 50 species of fish can be found in the river, rivalling the diversity of much larger systems like the Wisconsin River and Mississippi Rivers. 

Pamela Meyers has been caring for the property for decades, working with her neighbors to support the health of the watershed and improve the quality of the habitat on the site. Knowing that the land was special, she has been bringing botanists, biologists, and ecologists to the property over the years so that she can understand the habitat better. 

One of those experts was The Prairie Enthusiasts Ecologist, Dan Carter. When the two walked the property together four years ago, Dan immediately saw what Pamela did—an ecosystem exceedingly rare in the region. 

“This piece of habitat has survived where so much has been lost to invasive brush and development—there’s almost nothing else like this in Southeastern Wisconsin,” Dan says. 

The site represents a swell of Prairie Enthusiasm in the Glacial Prairie Chapter—the second property protected by the Chapter, it is the largest site that they have protected to date. The presence of such rare habitat and the abundance of life that it supports has drawn together a tight-knit community dedicated to restoring the land to its full potential.  

For a year prior to The Prairie Enthusiasts protecting the site, volunteers with the Glacial Prairie Chapter have shown up weekly to steadily expand the footprint of the most valuable habitats on the site, linking the remnant old-growth ecosystems together into a single unit. The work is strenuous—massive Scotch pines leftover from the years as a Christmas tree farm are removed to provide light for native species in the oak barrens, and every acre cleared requires diligent follow-up of prescribed burns and the sowing of native seeds—but Pamela has marveled at the willingness of Prairie Enthusiasts to get their hands dirty to care for the 275 native species on the site. 

Located under an hour from Milwaukee in Waukesha County and minutes away from several units of the Kettle Moraine State Forest, the Mukwonago River Oak Barrens is open to the public for a variety of outdoor recreation, including bird watching, hiking, and hunting. The site’s protection creates opportunities for education on ecology and land management practices for volunteers and local landowners alike. 

Support from Wisconsin’s Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program and Members of The Prairie Enthusiasts have helped make the protection of this fire-dependent ecosystem possible.  

To learn more about Mukwonago River Oak Barrens, including recreational information and volunteer opportunities, visit ThePrairieEnthusiasts.org/Project/Mukwonago-River-Oak-Barrens. 

About The Prairie Enthusiasts 

The Prairie Enthusiasts is an accredited land trust that seeks to ensure the perpetuation and recovery of prairie, oak savanna, and other fire-dependent ecosystems of the Upper Midwest through protection, management, restoration, and education. In doing so, they strive to work openly and cooperatively with private landowners and other private and public conservation groups. Their management and stewardship centers on high-quality remnants, which contain nearly all the components of endangered prairie communities. 

Primary Contact: Sarah Barron, Advancement Manager 

608-676-7806 

SBarron@ThePrairieEnthusiasts.org 

Secondary Contact: Debra Behrens, Executive Director 

608-676-0985 

DBehrens@ThePrairieEnthusiasts.org